Recent work has explored several alternatives to conventional BBOBS for offshore seismic monitoring, including free-floating robots equipped with hydrophones 13, moored surface buoys or autonomous surface vehicles for satellite telemetry acoustically linked to BBOBS 14, 15, and cabled arrays of broadband sensors 16. However, BBOBS are expensive and limited by data telemetry and battery life except in near-shore environments 3. Whereas short-period instruments are primarily used in active-source experiments, BBOBS are ideal for passive-source experiments and have been used for tomographic studies, earthquake location, and ocean wave monitoring among numerous other applications 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Modern ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS) generally fall into two categories: short-period instruments ( \(\sim\)1–5 Hz), which can record for up to a month or more, and long-period or broadband instruments (BBOBS), which often employ the same sensors as terrestrial broadband seismic stations and can operate for as long as 2 years 3. Poor spatial coverage results in biases and low-resolution regions in global tomography models as well as significant location uncertainty for offshore seismicity. One of the greatest outstanding challenges in seismology is the sparsity of instrumentation across Earth’s oceans 1, 2.
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